Unit 1 Present continuous (a) Мы используем present continuous, когда мы говорим о чем-либо, что происходит во время разговора. Изучите следующие ситуации:
- May I see your husband? Is he having a rest? - That's OK. He is not sleeping. Come in.
(b) Также мы используем present continuous, когда мы говорим о чем-либо , что происходит во время разговора, и не только непосредственно во время разговора:
- Who is that man at the bar? - Oh, this is James Feather, a famous playwriter. They say, he is writing a new play now.
The delegation is carrying on negotiations with our firm. Today they are having an excursion to our plant.
Обратите внимание на форму are having. Как правило глагол to have не используется в Сontinuous Tense в значении "to possess" (обладать). В этом примере are having an excursion = are going sight-seeing. Об этом и других глаголах, которые не используются в Сontinuous Tense см.Unit 3.
(c) Мы часто используем present continuous, когда мы говорим об определенном периоде времени. Например: today, this season и т.д.:
- We are leaving tomorrow at six. - They are playing with this team in a week.
(d) Мы используем present continuous, когда мы говорим об изменении ситуации:
- The population of the world is rising very fast. (а не `rises') - Is your French getting better? (а не `does ... get')
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Unit 2 Present simple
(a) Изучите следующие ситуации:
Это время present simple: Every day my husband and I get up at 7 o'clock. We have our breakfast and go to the office. It is seven o'clock now, but we are sleeping because it is Saturday and we don't have to go to the office.
Мы используем present simple, для того, чтобы сказать о действиях, которые происходят постоянно.Мы не связываем действие с определенным моментом,а считаем, что действие происходит постоянно или повторяется время от времени. Неважно, когда произошло действие по отношению ко времени разговора:
- I always put down the new words into my notebook. - Does she study French three times a week? - They do not watch TV every evening.
- Who does the shopping in your family? - My mother does. She goes shopping twice a week.
Помните, мы говорим: he / she / it -s. Не забывайте s:
- I work with the computer every day.My friend works every day too.
(b) Мы используем do / does, чтобы задать вопрос или построить отрицательное предложение.
- Excuse me, do you speak English? - `Would you like a cigarette?' `No, thanks. I don't smoke'. - What does this word mean? (а не `What means this word?') - Rice doesn't grow in Britain.
Построение вопросов см.Unit 49.
(c) Мы используем present simple, когда говорим, как часто мы делаем те или иные вещи:
- Every Saturday we go to the cinema. (Как часто?-1 раз в неделю) - She doesn't often read newspapers. - How often do they come to see you?
(d) Мы используем время present simple, когда хотим сказать о чем-то, что действительно является фактом:
- The Earth is round. It goes round the Sun. - In Britain most of the shops close at 5.30 p.m.
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Unit 3 Present continuous (I am doing)
Перед изучением этого урока изучите Unit1 и Unit2.
(a) Изучите эти объяснения и сравните примеры:
(b) В Unit 1 мы говорили о глаголах, которые обычно не используются в сontinuous tenses. Они используются только в simple tenses. Например, Вы не можете сказать `I am liking'. Вы можете только сказать I like. Вот список глаголов(но существуют и исключения), которые не используются в continuous tenses:
want like belong know suppose need love see realise mean forget prefer hate hear believe understand remember seem
have (если в значении 'владеть' - см.также Unit 24 ) think (в значении 'полагать')
- I have many books by this writer. (то есть обладать) - I hate doing nothing - She doesn't like reading newspapers. - This car belongs to our neighbours. - They can't hear us. They are too far away. - She seems very tired. - What do you think Tom will do? (в значении 'полагать')
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Unit 4 Present tenses Когда мы говорим о том, что уже сделано,мы используем present continuous (I am doing). Не используем present simple (I do).
She is speaking with her friends. They are cleaning the appartment.
Однако, некоторые глаголы не могут быть использованы в Сontinuous tenses, потому что понятие "что-то в развитии" не может быть применено к тому, что они обозначают. Это следующие глаголы:
Как правило, мы используем Present Simple c этими глаголами:
I hate being interrupted all the time. The book contains many chapetrs devoted to the history of the country.
Эти глаголы могут также употребляться в следующей конструкции can+see,hear и т.д.,которая ясно выражает действие, происходящее в момент разговора:
- I can see someone through the window, but I can't hear what they're saying.
Некоторые из этих глаголов могут употребляться в Сontinuous tenses, если они означают: to think - "обдумывать" to see - "встречаться" to have - в таких выражениях, как to have breakfast, to have dinner, to have a good time, to have supper, to have troubles, и т.д.
- I'm thinking of going to the cinema tonight. - She is having a rest. She is very tired. - I'm seeing my manager to-morrow at 8.
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Unit 5 To be going to do something (a) Мы используем to be going to do something, когда говорим о наших планах на будущее и о том, что мы уже решили сделать:
- I'm going to do my laundry next Monday. - When are you going to buy me new shoes? - John is not going to tell her anything about it.
Различие между will и going to смотри Unit 8
(b) Мы предпочитаем использовать present continuous (I am doing), когда мы говорим о какой-либо предварительной договоренности - например, договоренность о встрече, договоренность о путешествии куда-либо. Смотри Unit 4.
(c) Мы используем was/were going to do,чтобы сказать о том, что мы собирались делать в прошлом (но не сделали):
- I was going to return your book today but left it at home. - They were going to swim, but the weather was too cold.
(d) Мы также употребляем to be going to do something, чтобы сказать о том, что должно случиться по нашему мнению, в отношенении чего мы предполагаем.
Изучите следующие ситуации:
- Mother has bought lots of cakes for our party. It's going to be a joilly good party.
- It's going to be another warm day.
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Unit 6 Will (1) (a) Мы используем will ('ll), когда мы решили сделать что-либо во время разговора:
- Oh, He's left the door open. I'll go and shut it. - `What would you like to eat?' `I'll have a sandwich, please.' - Did you visit Mary? `Oh no, I forgot. I'll do it now.' - I'm too tired to walk home. I think I'll take a bus.
В этих предложениях использовать present simple (I do) нельзя.
- I'll go and lock the door. (а не `I go and lock the door.')
Не используйте will, когда говорите о том, что уже решено
- He can't visit you tomorrow because his parents are coming to see him. (а не `his parents will come')
Отрицательной формой will является won't (или will not):
- Секретарь:I'm afraid Mr Fred can't see you until 8 o'clock. -Вы: Oh, in this case I won't wait.
Мы часто используем I think I'll ... или I don't think I'll .., когда мы решаем что-то сделать:
- I think I'll stay at home and read tonight. - I don't think I'll go out this evening. I'm too busy.
(b) Мы часто используем will в следующих ситуациях:
Об will см.Unit 7. Об will и going to см.Unit 8
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Official name: | Canada |
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Capital: | Ottawa |
Size: | 9,970,610 km² |
Population: | 29.1 million |
Borders: | Arctic Ocean (north), Atlantic Ocean (east), USA (south), USA (Alaska), Pacific Ocean (west) |
Currency: | Canadian Dollar |
Official languages: | English, French |
Nationality / People: | A person of Canadian nationality is a Canadian. |
Local time: | Ottawa: 06:38 EST (Tuesday, 9th February 2016) Vancouver: 03:38 PST (Tuesday, 9th February 2016) |
Canada is the second largest country in the world (after Russia). Almost 10 percent (755,180 km²) of Canada's total area are inland water.
Canada is located in North America and stretches all the way from the Atlantic to the Pacific, being made up of ten Provinces and three Territories. To the North is the Artic ocean; Davis Strait on the North East separates it from Greenland, to the East is the Atlantic Ocean; the South is bordered by the United States of America and the West by the Pacific Ocean and Alaska.
A country of outstanding natural beauty, Canada has a wide variety of landscapes: the mountains, the prairies, lakes and rivers with many national and provincial parks to protect the habitats. With a total land mass of 9,984,670 sq km (3,855,103 sq mi), Canada is the second largest country in the world. There are more lakes and inland waters in Canada than any other country, in fact 7.6% or 755,180 sq km (291,577 sq) is made up of fresh water.
Most images of Canada refer to the Mounties, bears, snow or the Rocky Mountains with the amazing turquoise lakes though there is truly more to this vast landscape. Tourism is a large part of the economy with the abundant natural resources quickly turning Canada into a rich and vibrant country that is a permanent listing at the top of the best places to live. With distinct seasons – the winters are cold with plentiful snow and then warm summers, the best way to survive is to make the most of natures offerings. Skiing, snowboarding and snowmobiling are popular pastimes and great exercise and fun. In the summer, hiking, camping and exploring the great outdoors are fantastic ways to spend your free time. This is especially true when you are amongst the most breathtaking and fabulous scenery the world has to offer!
The monetary unit is the Canadian Dollar. It is made up of cents with 100 cents making 1 Canadian dollar. There are 1 cent coins usually called a penny, 5 cent coins usually called a nickel, 10 cent coins called a dime, 25 cent coins called a quarter, 1 dollar coins called a loonie and two dollar coins called a twoonie. The notes or bills are in 5 dollar, 10 dollar, 20 dollar, 50 dollar and 100 dollar denominations. The Canadian dollar traditionally trades at a lower value than its American counterpart but is now coming closer to parity.
All motor vehicles are driven on the right hand side of the road and are left hand drive. Each Province or Territory is responsible for its own driving laws and regulations so each has a different system.
Canada has a population of 30,007,094 (2001 Census), compared with 28,846,761 (1996 Census) which shows a 4% increase. Most of the population lives in the cities and most of these are located in the South of the country; about three quarters of the population live within about 300 kms of the U.S border. The most populated Provinces are Ontario and Quebec with Toronto (in Ontario) being the most populated city.
There are two official languages – English and French – and Montreal in Quebec is the world's largest French-speaking city outside of France. All of the services offered by the Federal Government are in English and French. Almost every product you buy has English and French on the labels and most public services are available in both languages. Outside of Quebec the majority of people speak English; about 18 percent of Canadians are fluently bilingual.
The First Nations or Indian people were the original inhabitants of Canada and the name comes from their language and means “Village” or “Community”. The Vikings, who arrived in the 11th century and didn't stay for long, were the first Europeans to land in Canada.
More Europeans arrived in the 16th century bringing with them manufactured goods which they traded for furs and native products - because of this they were made welcome by the indigenous people. The two main groups of European settlers were the French, who came first, and then the English. Despite France losing its part of the territory to Britain in a war in 1760, many of the French speaking people stayed. In 1867, three colonies of Britain merged in an event called Confederation; this created a partially independent state of four Provinces. Six more Provinces and three Territories have since been added and in 1931 full independence was achieved. Canada still belongs to the Commonwealth of Nations.
Canada is a Democratic Federation and has both a Federal and Provincial Governments. The responsibilities and powers are divided between the Federal and Provincial Governments which make for a complex political system (see onestopimmigration-canada.com for more details).
Public education is the responsibility of each Provincial Government (please refer to our Provincial pages for more information) and is paid for through taxes. Public education is free and all children are required by law to attend school from the age of 6 years until they are 15 or 16, the majority of students continue until they are 18 and graduate high school with a high school diploma.
The main languages of instruction are English and French.
Canada has a public healthcare system; essential medical treatment is available to all Canadian citizens and permanent residents. Although the health care systems are run by the Provincial ministries of health, the Federal Government sets the standards for health care across the country.
There are three Provinces that charge healthcare premiums (BC, Alberta & Ontario). In the other Provinces and Territories healthcare is paid for through taxes. In some Provinces there is a three month waiting period before you qualify for healthcare, (refer to onestopimmigration-canada.com for more information) so you should make sure that you have insurance to cover any medical expenses for this period.
In essence such an article can never describe such a vast and beautiful country in adequate detail so if you are planning a visit or move go to onestopimmigration-canada.com for detailed information.